The basal lamina provides support to the overlying epithelium, limits contact between epithelial cells and the other cell types in the tissue and acts as a filter allowing only water and small molecules to pass through. If the epithelial cells become transformed cancerous and become 'malignant', they are able to break through the basement membrane and invade the tissues beneath. This characteristic is one used in the diagnosis of malignant epithelial tumors. The basal lamina consists of a mixture of collagens, laminin glycoprotein , perlecan heparan sulphate glycoprotein , entactin glycoprotein.
These proteins can bind to each other to make a highly crosslinked extracellular matrix as shown in this diagram. All epithelia have a basal lamina which lies between the cells and the underlying connective tissue. This layer is so thin that it is often difficult to see with conventional light microscopy and is usually only clearly defined under the electron microscope.
The basal lamina helps to attach and anchor the cells to the underlying connective tissue. Proteins integrins and proteglycans in the cell membranes attach to proteins in the basal lamina, which in turn is linked to the extracellular matrix of connective tissue. Kahsai, T. Seminiferous tubule basement membrane. A program of cell death and extracellular matrix degradation is activated in the amnion before the onset of labor.
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Additionally, the resulting endothelial and epithelial heterogeneity in human body is a direct contribution of cell-matrix interaction facilitated by the diverse compositions of BMs. Abstract Basement membranes BMs are present in every tissue of the human body.
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