Upper crust is also an adjective. Upper House Upper Houses plural. The decision was announced after objections were raised in the Upper House of Parliament.
Consulter aussi: upper case , upper class , upper crust , Upper House. The tenants are subject to a darg or day's work for every acre. Ex2: Your brakes are a little hinky and you should get them replaced. He is positionned besides and slightly behind the leading aircraft.
Inflammation of the lips, known as cheilitis, may present with dry, eroded, swollen and fissured lips with loss of lip markings. Causes of cheilitis are numerous, including both infectious and non-infectious etiologies. Medications known to precipitate drug-induced cheilitis include isotretinoin, anticholinergics, antidepressants and antiretrovirals, among others. Nutrient deficiencies are a common pathogenic cause of cheilitis, including zinc, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, folic acid, cobalamine, and iron insufficiencies.
Angular cheilitis presents with painful commisural fissures, with or without maceration and crusting. Causes of angular cheilitis include Candida albicans or Staphylococcus aureus infection, ill-fitting dentures, lip-licking, sun exposure, vitamin deficiencies, minor trauma and overclosure of the mouth. Contact cheilitis presents with erythema, edema and scale of the vermilion and circumoral cutaneous aspect of the lips.
Allergic contact cheilitis is a relatively uncommon cause of contact cheilitis caused by a delayed hypersensitivity response featuring a prominent eosinophilic infiltrate. Alternatively, irritant contact cheilitis is much more common nonspecific inflammatory response, precipitated by toothpastes, mouthwashes, chewing gum, or cosmetics. An initial infection has a more substantial presentation than does reactivation, manifesting as fever, coryza, pharyngitis, gingivostomatitis, cheilitis, and perioral vesicles in young children.
Following primary infection, the virus remains dormant in the sensory ganglia of the trigeminal nerve. Triggers for reactivation include ultraviolet UV light, trauma, stress, medications, and menstruation. The vesicles subsequently erode and crust, resolving within ten days. Recurrences are more frequent and severe among immunocompromised patients. Lip disorders may be a manifestation of systemic disease. Atopic cheilitis, presenting with chronic perioral lichenification, is listed as a minor criterion in the Hanifin-Ruska criteria utilized in the diagnosis of atopic dermatitis.
Sjogren disease manifests with an autoimmune-mediated reduction in salivary flow. The resultant xerostomia may lead to difficulty speaking and eating, as well as diffuse dryness of the lips.
Discoid lupus erythematosus may be associated with red-and-white, sunburst-like plaques with radiating striations on the labial mucosa and vermilion.
Discoid lupus is also known to confer an increased risk of lip squamous cell carcinoma SCC. Neoplasms of the lip are an unfortunately common occurrence and may often resemble inflammation of the vermilion, making identification challenging.
Actinic cheilitis, the vermilion analog to actinic keratitis of keratinized skin, is similarly associated with chronic UV radiation and may progress into SCC of the lip. Actinic cheilitis is most commonly present on the lower lip due to its more direct sun exposure relative to the upper lip. Presentations of actinic cheilitis include asymptomatic, pain, swelling, erythema or patchy white areas, or scaly crusting of the vermilion.
A blurring of the vermilion border is a characteristic feature, although it may be difficult to appreciate in some patients. In addition to strict sun protection, field therapy is often preferred over local treatment for actinic cheilitis.
Malignancies of the upper lip are more consistent with basal cell carcinoma BCC of the lips, which often arises from the cutaneous region of the lip surrounding the vermilion. The risk of lymph node involvement or distant metastasis is low. Squamous cell carcinoma of the lips is much more common than BCC of the lips, involving the vermilion of the lower lip in the vast majority of cases. Risk factors for the development of lip SCC include actinic cheilitis, chronic UV exposure, alcohol, tobacco, fair-skin, and immunosuppression.
Human papillomavirus has also been implicated in its pathogenesis, although its contribution remains unclear. These lesions present with indurated red or white papules or ulcers on the lips that fail to heal. SCCs of the lips are at high risk of metastases, both at the time of diagnosis and in the years following excision. Despite the high risk of distant spread, long-term survival rate remains relatively high. Lip color and size have regularly been associated with sexual attraction.
Thus lip enhancement has become commonplace in western culture. The popularity of lipstick may be traced back to its evolutionary origins as red lips mimic the vasodilation and engorgement of the lips that occurs during sexual arousal.
Lip fullness is associated with elevated estrogen levels, suggesting that attraction to lip fullness may be an evolutionary indicator of female fertility. Although various substances have been injected into the lips throughout history, bovine collagen was introduced into the cosmetic surgery market in the s and became the standard, despite its short-term effects and allergy testing requirement.
Novel hyaluronic acid fillers have since been developed and supplanted collagen as the first-line treatment option, with over , injections performed in the United States in Li H,Cao T,Zhou H,Hou Y, Lip position analysis of young women with different skeletal patterns during posed smiling using 3-dimensional stereophotogrammetry.
American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics. Annals of plastic surgery. International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery. Journal of cosmetic dermatology. Aesthetic surgery journal. World journal of plastic surgery. Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. Current health sciences journal.
Aesthetic plastic surgery. Anatomy, Head and Neck, Lips. Free Review Questions. Introduction The lips are an essential aspect of the human face and play a critical role in facial expression, phonation, sensation, mastication, physical attraction, and intimacy.
Structure and Function The upper and lower lips are known as, respectively, labium superius oris and labium inferius oris. Blood Supply and Lymphatics The external carotid artery is the principal supply of blood to the lips, via the facial artery giving rise to the superior and inferior labial arteries lateral to the angles of the mouth.
Nerves The buccal branch of the facial nerve, or cranial nerve VII, provides motor innervation to the orbicularis oris and elevators of the lip and lip angle. Muscles Considered muscles of facial expression, the muscles acting on the lips are derived from the second pharyngeal arch mesoderm.
Surgical Considerations An important goal of lip reconstruction is to maintain the competence of the oral seal to allow for mastication and phonation. Clinical Significance Variations in the anatomy of the lips and philtrum can be indicative of developmental abnormalities. Other Issues Lip color and size have regularly been associated with sexual attraction. After gaining his degree in Dentistry, Dr. He has been practicing Dentistry in Atlanta for well over 20 years.
Meet Dr. Skip to content. Now Accepting New Clients. Facebook page opens in new window Twitter page opens in new window. Oct 3 Lip Anatomy When you look at someone you see their face.
Answer to follow The upper and lower lip are anatomically called labium superius oris and labium inferius oris , which are the Latin terms used by professionals. Category: Uncategorized By William T. Lohmann DDS October 3, Tags: bermilion border Candidiasis commissure Cupid's bow herpes herpes labialis labium inferius oris labium superius oris lips vermilion border vermilion zone.
Author: William T. Lohmann DDS Dr.
0コメント