When Buhler completed her year at Columbia University she received a ten year grant from the Rockefeller Fellowship towards her research at The Vienna Psychological Institute. Through her research at The Vienna Psychological Institute, Buhler pioneered the autobiographical method in order to study adolescent thought processes using their personal diaries.
Moreover, Buhler determined that infants are intentional, rather than simply reactive, individuals that interact with the world while setting personally selected goals as they mature. She found evidence of infant curiosity, delight in achievement, social engagement and distinctive individual style, even in the very first months of life.
During her Vienna period, Buhler also wrote for publication and came up with her major thesis: that people develop throughout the lifespan. Lastly, before leaving Vienna due to the Nazi invasion of Austria and the closing of The Vienna Psychological Institute in , Buhler established that developmental age is more psychologically important than "mental age" or "intelligence quotient.
Karl Buhler was sent to prison due to his vocal anti-Nazi opinions. However, in Charlotte Buhler successfully negotiated her husband's release from jail and transport to Norway. Charlotte Buhler became a professor of psychology at the College of St. Catherine in St. Paul, Minnesota, during her first year as a refugee in the United States.
In , Buhler established a child guidance clinic in Worcester, Massachusetts. In , she returned to Minnesota and for the next two years worked as a clinical psychologist at Minneapolis General Hospital. For a while during this period Buhler held the position of assistant professor of psychiatry at the University of Southern California Medical School. From to she ran a private practice in Los Angeles. During this period Buhler became known for her theoretical and clinical work which corresponded well with the work of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.
Buhler was elected president of the American Association for Humanistic Psychology for the years and It was at this time that Buhler collaborated with Abraham Maslow, among others, in helping to launch, strengthen, and publicize the humanistic movement which came to be known as the Third Force.
Due to Buhler's international psychological prospective and the high regard that many of her colleagues had for her, in , Buhler presided over the First International Conference on Humanistic Psychology in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Buhler's theory of life goals emphasizes the end goal of personal fulfillment, which is achieved through valid life goals that are organized according to individuals' gifts. According to Buhler, people face continuous challenges throughout life, and must strive for a harmonious balance of four basic tendencies.
The four tendencies are:. The tendency to strive for personal satisfactions in sex, love, and ego recognition. The tendency toward self-limiting adaptation for the purpose of fitting in, belonging, and gaining security. According to Buhler, the healthy person's core self integrates the individual's four basic tendencies into a unique pattern, organized to achieve coordinated action and to fulfill personal potential.
In the early s, due to ill health Buhler went back to Germany to be closer to her son. After contributing a great deal to the humanistic movement and leading pioneering research in life-span development psychology, Charlotte M. Buhler died on February 3, , in Stuttgart, West Germany at the age of eighty. Buhler, C. Personality types based on experiments with children. The social behavior of children. Murchison Ed. Handbook of child psychology p. She nonetheless made a unique contribution to the study of the life stages with her emphasis on how the trajectory of biological development in human beings has a major impact upon their personality development.
In her model, the earlier stages of human development are supported by a burgeoning arc of biological functioning which then begins to level out in the middle stages of life, and ultimately go through a decline in old age the image here is of an arrow that goes through a trajectory of ascending, leveling, and descending.
Here are her five basic stages of biological development:. Buhler was the first psychologist to include adolescence and old age as developmental stages of life. For more on the life stages and their relationship to different psychological, philosophical, and spiritual traditions, see Thomas Armstrong , The Human Odyssey: Navigating the Twelve Stages of Life. She is believed to have influenced Maslow, who is regarded as the "father of humanistic psychology.
She returned to Germany in to spend the last years of her life with her son. Allen, Source: Encyclopaedia Judaica. All Rights Reserved. Download our mobile app for on-the-go access to the Jewish Virtual Library. Category » Biography. Actors and Comedians. Business Icons. Medal of Honor Recipients.
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